*HIST+101+materials

Contents:

Third Exam Study Sheet Matching Questions 1.0 (posted 3-20-2018) Third Assignment (posted 3-20-2018) Second Assignment Textbook chapter terms

THIRD EXAM STUDY SHEET MATCHING QUESTIONS 1.0

Aachen Alcuin Adrianople Arius Baghdad Benedict of Nursia caliph Charlemagne Charles Martel Clovis __ Confessions __ Constantine I Diocletian federates fief Gabriel Gaul Hagia Sophia Humbert iconoclasm Islam Justinian // Ka’ba // // latifundia // Manichaeism Manzikert Mecca Methodius Monophysites Monte Cassino Muhammad Nicaea // opus dei // Po serf Sunni Theodora Theodosius I tetrarchy Valens

Name: HIST 101- _ ASSIGNMENT III: ANOTHER DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH PROJECT

SPRING 2018 The purpose of this assignment is to acquaint you with an aspect of electronic database searches. The scenario: You need to explore bibliographical information about three people – in this case – three of your textbook authors.
 * 1) You go to the Lander University Jackson Library and use a reference terminal there, or you access the **Lander** **University** **Jackson Library homepage** from another internet-linked computer.
 * 2) In the top margin, access **__Research Databases__**.
 * 3) You access databases by **All Subjects**. Choose **History**.
 * 4) You may have to navigate through one or more screens asking whether you are an on-campus or off-campus user.
 * 5) Under the History listing you find and access **Biography in Context (Gale)**.
 * 6) You type **Ozment, Steven E.** in thesearch space and hit the search button.
 * 7) Access the sole entry.
 * 8) You access and print the entire biographical entry on Ozment from //Contemporary Authors Online//. (Or email/download it and print later.) __My experience suggests that the printer icon at the top right of the screen is the more reliable alternative for printing__. __Please print complete article down to and including the Gale Document Number__!
 * 9) In the top center of your current screen you type **Turner, Frank Miller** in the search space and hit the search button.
 * 10) Access the sole entry.
 * 11) You access and print the entire biographical entry on Turner from //Contemporary Authors Online//. (Or email/download it and print later.) __Please print complete article down to and including the Gale Document Number__!
 * 12) In the top center of your current screen you type **Kagan, Donald** in the search space and hit the search button.
 * 13) Access the sole entry.
 * 14) You access and print the entire biographical entry from //Contemporary Authors Online// (__not__ **The Writers Directory** entry __or__ other entries). (Or email/download it and print later.) __Please print complete article down to and including the Gale Document Number__!
 * 15) After you have printed the three entries, double-check that you printed the entire texts, including full lines to the right margins.
 * 16) As part of your preparation for the third hourly exam, you read the three printed entries __several__ times to familiarize yourself with their contents.
 * 17) You print this assignment page, write your name and section number on it, and staple it to the assembled materials as the first page.
 * 18) You bring this assignment to the third hourly exam for use in that exam.

Name: HIST 101- _ ASSIGNMENT II: DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH PROJECT SPRING 2018 The purpose of this assignment is to deepen your ability to perform electronic database searches. The scenario: by reading some articles in an electronic reference work, you wish to learn more about three persons mentioned in lecture. 1. Go to Jackson Library and use a reference terminal there, or access the Lander University Jackson Library Webpage from another internet-linked computer. 2. In the top box on the library homepage, access **Research Databases**. 3. Access **Library Databases** by the letter **B**. 4. At this or some later point you may be asked to supply a user name and password as established for you as a registered student. If you need assistance, please ask a Lander reference librarian for help. 5. Access **Biography in Context (Gale)**. 6. Type in the search box at the top of the screen: **Aristotle**. Hit the **search** icon. 7. Access the entire lead article on Aristotle from the //Encyclopedia of World Biography//. 8. Print this entire article down to the Gale Document Number. (Or email/download it and print later.) My experience suggests that the printer icon at the right side of the screen is the more reliable alternative for printing. 9. Locate search box at the top of the screen or return to screen **Biography in Context** and access the **search** box. 10. Type in the appropriate box: **Pericles**. Hit the **search** icon. 11. Access the entire article **Pericles** from the //Encyclopedia of World Biography//. 12. Print this entire article down to the Gale Document Number. (Or email/download it and print later.) 13. Locate search box at the top of the screen or return to screen **Biography in Context** and access the **search** box. 14. Type in the appropriate box: **Pompey the Great**. Hit the **search** icon. 15. Expand the head item **Pompey**. 16. Access the entire article **Pompey** from the //Encyclopedia of World Biography//. 17. Print this entire article down to the Gale Document Number. (Or email/download it and print later.) 18. Print this assignment page, write your name and section number on it, and staple it to the assembled materials as the first page. 19. Bring this assignment to the second hourly exam for use in that exam.

TEXTBOOK TERMS 1. THE BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION

humankind (genus //homo//); 2 million years old in various species, all but one extinct: paleolithic (“old stone”) humans neolithic (‘new stone”) humans Göbleki Tepe Ötzi the Ice Man civilization – from //civitas// (“city”)
 * //homo habilis// (“tool-using”) - extinct
 * //homo ergaster// (‘working) - extinct
 * //homo erectus// (“erect”) - extinct
 * //homo heidelbergensis/rhodesiensis// - extinct
 * //homo neanderthalensis// - extinct
 * //homo sapiens//

Mesopotamia (“land between the rivers” Tigris and Euphrates) s. Mesopotamia = Sumeria some Sumerian cities: Akkad, Ur, Babylon Sargon of Akkad non-semites and semites cuneiform – from //cuneus// (“wedge”) sexagesimal numerical system polytheism, henotheism, monotheism //ziggurat//; Tower of Babel __Epic of Gilgamesh__ Great Flood story Hammurabi – his law code

Egypt Nile river Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt periodization: Early Dynastic (3100-2700BC); I-II dynasties Old Kingdom (2700-2200BC); III-VI dynasties 1st Intermediate Period (2200-2052BC); VII-XI dynasties Middle Kingdom (2052-1630BC); XII-XIII dynasties 2nd Intermediate Period (1630-1550BC); XIV-XVII dynasties New Kingdom (1550-1075BC); XVIII-XX dynasties 3rd Intermediate Period (1075-672BC); XXI-XXV dynasties Late Period (672BC-30BC); XXVI-XXXIII dynasties; Assyrian conquest (672BC), Persian conquest (525BC), Macedonian conquest (332BC) Roman conquest (30BC) pharaoh (“great house”) //maat// step-pyramid (Djoser, architect Imhotep), true pyramid (Snefru) and Sphinx (Khafre) Khufu (r. 2589-2566BC – Old Kingdom) and the Great Pyramid vizier nomes and nomarchs Amunemhet I (r. 1991-62BC – Middle Kingdom) Hyksos Ahmose I (r. 1539-14BC – New Kingdom) Valley of the Kings Abu Simbel temples – Aswan High Dam hieroglyphics (sacred carvings”) religious systems: Atum-Re, Ptah, divine Ennead Amunhetep IV / Akhenaten (r. 1351-34BC – New Kingdom) – monotheism of Aten (sun disk); Nefertiti //Book of the Dead// Hatshepsut (r. 1479-58BC – New Kingdom)

Hittites Iron Age follows Bronze Age Assyrians Neo-Babylonians Nebudchadnezzar II (r. c.605-c.562)

Persians Medes shahanshah (“king of kings”) Cyrus II the Great (r. 559-30BC) Croesus of Lydia (r. 560-47BC) Cambyses (529-22BC) Darius I the Great (r. 521-486BC) satrapies and satraps //proskynesis// Aramaic language Ahura Mazda Zarathustra/Zoroaster (c.660-583BC traditional date) __Avesta__ demon Ahriman

Palestine Canaan, Canaanites Phoenicians Israelites / Hebrews / Jews Abraham Moses David (r. c.1000-c.961BC) Solomon (r. c.961-22BC) kingdoms of Israel and Judah Temple of Jerusalem elements of early Judaism: personal righteousness, critical prophetic tradition, repentance, redemption

2. THE RISE OF GREEK CIVILIZATION

Minos Minoan Crete Linear A Linear B Mycenaean Greeks Mycenae Pylos //tholos// //wanax// Troy Thera / Santorini Greek Dark Ages (1100-750BC) Dorian Greeks Homer __Iliad__ __Odyssey__ //thetes// //arete// //agon// //polis// (pl. //poleis//) //phratry// //acropolis// //agora// //hoplite// phalanx Greek colonization //Magna Graecia// Corinth and colony Corcyra common religious festivals at Olympia, Delphi, Corinth, Nemea; accompanying games tyranny and tyrants Sparta Peloponnesus Messenia First and Second Messenian Wars helots ephors Athens Attica //areopagus// archons Draco (reforms c.621BC) Solon (reforms 594BC) Council of 400 Pisistratus (tyranny 546-27BC) Hippias (tyranny 527-10BC) Hipparchus Alcmaeonids Isagoras Clisthenes (reforms 508-07BC) demes //trittys// Council of 500 Hesiod __Works and Days__ //symposium// Olympian pantheon of 12 gods Mt. Olympus Zeus //sophrosynee// //hubris// Dionysus //maenads// Orpheus lyric poets: Sappho, Anacreon, Simonides, Alcaeus Ionian Greeks Croesus (r. 560-47BC) Lydia Cyrus II the Great (r. 559-30BC) Aristagoras of Miletus Darius I (r. 522-486BC) Miltiades Marathon (battle, 490BC) Themistocles (c. 524-459 BC) Xerxes (r. 486-65BC) Thermopylae (battle, 480BC) Leonidas and 300 Spartans Artemisium (battle, 480BC) Salamis (battle, 480BC) Plataea (battle, 479BC) Mardonius Pausanias Mycale (battle, 479BC) Leotychides

3. CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE

Peloponnesian League Delian League (478 BC and thereafter), eventually Athenian empire EurymedonRiver (battle, 467 BC) Themistocles (c.524-459 BC) Cimon (510-450 BC) revolt of Thasos (465-63 BC) Ephialtes (+462 BC) Pericles (c.495-29 BC) First Peloponnesian War (c.460-45 BC) war theaters: Megara, Aegina, Boeotia, Egypt Thirty Years’ Peace (445 BC) Athenian democracy //oikos// (household) //epikleros// (heiress) women in literature: Clytemnestra, Medea, Penelope Aspasia (c.470-c.400 BC) //hetaira// servitude: helotry, debt slavery, chattel slavery blasphemy and sacrilege Second / Great Peloponnesian War (435-04 BC) Epidamnus, Corcyra, Corinth Nicias (c.470-13 BC) Cleon (+422 BC) Sphacteria Brasidas (+422 BC) Amphipolis Thucydides (see below) Peace of Nicias (421 BC) Alcibiades (c.450-04 BC) Syracuse expedition (415-13 BC) Lysander (+395 BC) Aegospotami (battle, 405 BC) Thirty Tyrants (404-03 BC) Artaxerxes II and Cyrus Cunaxa (battle, 401 BC) Xenophon (c.430-354 BC) Agesilaus II (r. 400-360 BC) Corinthian War (395-87 BC) the King’s Peace (387 BC) Thebes Boeotian League (reconstituted 379 BC) Second Athenian Confederation / League / Empire (378-55 BC) Epaminondas (c.418-362 BC) Pelopidas (+364 BC) Leuctra (battle, 371 BC) Mantineia (battle, 362 BC) Attic tragedy //choregos// Aeschylus (c.525-c.455 BC) Sophocles (c.497-c.405 BC) Euripedes (c.480-06 BC) Old Comedy Aristophanes (c.450-385 BC) Athenian Acropolis Parthenon Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders of architecture pre-Socratic philosophers Thales (c.624-c.546 BC) – water Heraclitus (c.535-c.475 BC) – change Parmenides (c.515-c.450 BC) –unchanging Zeno of Elea (c.490-c.430 BC) – argument by paradox Empedocles (c.490-c.430 BC) – fire, water, earth, air Leucippus (fl. fifth century BC) and Democritus (c.460-c.370 BC) – atoms Anaxagoras (c.510-428 BC) Sophists – Protagoras (c.490-c. 420 BC) Herodotus (c.484-25 BC) Thucydides (c.460-c.395 BC) Middle Comedy New Comedy – Menander (342-291 BC) Socrates (469-399 BC) Cynics – Antisthenes (c.455-360 BC) and Diogenes (c.400-325 BC) Plato (429-347 BC) //eidos / idea// (form) Academy (386 BC) Aristotle (384-22 BC) Lyceum / Peripatos (336 BC) //politeia// hellenism Macedonia Philip II (r.359-36 BC) Thessaly Phocis Demosthenes (384-22 BC) Isocrates (436-338 BC) Chaeronea (battle, 338 BC) League of Corinth / Hellenic League (338 BC) //hegemon// Alexander (III) the Great (r.336-23 BC) Darius III (r.336-30 BC) Memnon Granicus (battle, 334 BC) Issus (battle, 333 BC) Tyre Gaza Egypt Gaugamela (battle, 331 BC) Babylon Persepolis Bessus Hydaspes (battle, 326 BC) Porus Indus valley Roxane and Alexander (IV) wars of the Successors Ptolemy I (r.323-c.283 BC) – Egypt Seleucus I (r.323-281 BC) – Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria, central Asia Minor Antigonus I (r.323-01) and successors – Macedonia Skeptics – Pyrrho of Elis (c.360-c.270 BC), Arcesilaus (c.316-c.240 BC), Carneades (c.214-c.128 BC) Epicureans – Epicurus (342-271 BC) //ataraxia// (being undisturbed) Stoics – Zeno of Citium (335-263 BC) //logos// (word, reason) //apatheia// (freedom from passion, apathy) Alexandria (Egypt) Museum and Library Erastothenes (c.275-195 BC) Aristobulus (c.375-01 BC) Nearchus (c.360-300 BC) Hippodamus (498-08 BC) Euclid (fl. 300 BC) – __Elements__ Heraclides (c.390-10 BC) Aristarchus (c.310-230 BC) heliocentrism Hipparchus c.190-c.120 BC) Ptolemy of Alexandria (c.90-186 AD) geocentrism Erastothenes (c.275-195 BC)

4. ROME: FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

Italic/Italian peoples (e.g., later Latins, Sabines, Umbrians, Samnites) Etruscans Etruria (Tuscany) Po River Celts / Gauls //imperium// senate curiate assembly //paterfamilias// //materfamilias// patron-client relations //fides// patrician order plebeian order consuls quaestor lictors sacrosanctity //veto// = I forbid dictator proconsul praetor censors centuriate assembly tribal assembly struggle of the orders 392 BC – conquest of Veii 387 BC – Gallic attack on Rome 340-38 BC – war with Latin allies 343-41, 326-04, 298-90 BC – Samnite Wars 280-75 BC – wars against Greek cities in s. Italy Pyrrhus of Epirus (c.319-272 BC) pyrrhic victory Tyre Carthage Sicily Messina Mamertines Hiero II of Syracuse (c.308-215 BC) 264-41 BC – First Punic War Sardinia and Corsica Spain Hamilcar Barca (c.275-28 BC) Hasdrubal the Fair (c.270-21) Ebro river Hannibal (247-c.181 BC) Saguntum 218-02 BC – Second Punic War 218-17 BC – Ticinus River, the Trebia River, and at Lake Trasimene (battles) Quintus Fabius Maximus “the Delayer” (Cunctator. c. 280-03 BC) Fabian tactics 216 BC – Cannae (battle) Publius Cornelius Scipio (Africanus, 237-183 BC) Hasdrubal (245-07) 202 BC – Roman final victory at Zama Africa Philip V of Macedon (r. 221-179 BC) Antiochus III (Seleucid, r. 223-187 BC) 215-05 BC – First Macedonian War 200-197 BC – Second Macedonian War Titus Quinctius Flamininus (c.229-c.174 BC) 197 – Cynoscephalae (battle) 191 – Thermopylae (battle) 190 – Magnesia (battle) Perseus of Macedon (r. 179-68) 172-68 BC – Third Macedonian War Aemilius Paulus (c.229-160 BC) 168 BC – Pydna (battle) Scipio Aemilianus (185-29 BC) Cato the Censor / Elder (234-149 BC) – “In any event, Carthage must be destroyed.” 149-46 BC – Third Punic War //Lares//, //Penates//, //Genius// //pontifex maximus// – high priest Cybele Dionysus seven liberal arts //grammaticus// //pedagogus// //latifundia// 73-71 BC – slave revolt of Spartacus //coloni// Tiberius Gracchus (c.168-33 BC) Attalus III of Pergamum (r. 138-33 BC) Asia (Pergamum) //optimates// and //populares// Gaius Gracchus (154-21 BC) equestrian order final / ultimate decree of the senate 111-06 BC – Jugurthine War Jugurtha of Numidia (r. 118-04 BC) Gaius Marius (157-86 BC) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BC) Cimbri and Teutones 90-88 BC – Social War Marcus Livius Drusus (c.124-91 BC) Mithridates VI of Pontus (r. 120-63 BC) Lucius Cornelius Cinna (+84 BC) Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48 BC) Quintus Sertorius (c.126-72 BC) Marcus Licinius Crassus (c.115-53 BC) Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) Catiline (108-62 BC) First Triumvirate (60-53 BC) Gaul 53 BC – Carrhae (battle) 51 BC – Alesia (battle) 49-45 BC – first phase of Roman Civil War 48 BC – Pharsalus (battle) Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC) 45 BC – Munda (battle) Julian calendar 15 March 44 BC – the Ides of March Marcus Junius Brutus (85-42 BC) Gaius Cassius Longinus (85-42 BC) Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC) Gaius Octavius (63 BC-14 AD) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (c.89-c.12 BC) Second Triumvirate (43-33 BC) 42 BC – Philippi (battle) Sextus Pompeius (67-35 BC) Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (c.64-12 BC) Gaius Maecenas (68 BC-8 AD) Caesarion (47-30 BC) 31 BC – Actium (battle)
 * 494 BC – plebeian secession and the formation of plebeian tribal assembly and tribunes
 * c.450 BC – codification of Twelve Tables
 * 445 BC – inter-order marriage permitted
 * 367 BC – consulate open to plebeians
 * by 300 BC – most priesthoods open to plebeians
 * 287 BC – plebeian secession and recognition of binding nature of plebeian tribal assembly legislation

5. THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Octavian / Augustus (63 BC – 14 AD) // princeps // // imperator // // imperium maius // and tribunate Teutoburger Forest (9 AD, battle) Arminius / Hermann (c.18 BC – 21 AD) Cicero (106-43 BC) Sallust (86-35 BC) – __Jugurthine War__, __The Conspiracy of Catiline__ Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) – __Commentaries__ praetorian edicts natural law (//jus naturale//), law of peoples (//jus gentium//) Lucretius (c.99-55 BC) – __On the Nature of Things__ Catullus (84-54 BC) Gaius Maecenas (68-8 BC) Vergil (70-19 BC) – __Eclogues__ / __Bucolics__, __Georgic__s, __Aeneid__ Horace (65-8 BC) – __Satires__, __Odes__ Propertius (c.47-c.13 BC) Ovid (43-18 BC) – __Art of Love__, __Fasti__, __Metamorphoses__ Livy (59 BC – 17 AD) – __History of Rome__ Altar of Peace (//Ara Pacis//) Livia Julio-Claudian dynasty Tiberius (r. 14-37 AD) Caligula (r. 37-41 AD) Claudius (r. 41-54 AD) Nero (r. 54-68 AD) 69 AD – year of four emperors Flavian dynasty Vespasian (r. 69-79 AD) Titus (r. 79-81 AD) Domitian (r. 81-96 AD) “five good emperors” Nerva (r. 96-98 AD) Trajan (r. 98-117 AD) Hadrian (r. 117-38 AD) Antoninus Pius (r. 138-61 AD) Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-80 AD) deification of emperors Dacia Parthians (Persia) //coloni// //latifundia// //manus// marriage famous women: Clodia, Livia, Messalina, the two Agrippinas, the two Julias urban life in Rome: apartment tenements (//insulae//) and apartments (//cenicula//) Silver Age of Roman culture (14-180 AD) Baths of Caracalla and of Diocletian Pantheon Jesus of Nazareth (c.7/2 BC-c.30/33 AD) //christos//, messiah – the anointed one Paul of Tarsus (c.5-c.67 AD) Gospels of Matthew, Luke, Mark, and John (c.70-c.100 AD) //agape// feast (communal meal, love feast), //eucharist// (thanksgiving) presbyters (elders) deacons (servers) bishops (overseers) apostolic succession catholic (universal) and orthodox (right-believing) Sassanids (Persia) Goths, Franks, Alemanni – various Germanic peoples Septimius Severus (r. 193-211 AD) Claudius II Gothicus (r. 268-70 AD) Aurelian (r. 270-75 AD) Diocletian (r. 284-305 AD) Constantine (r. 306-337) tetrarchy: two //augusti//, two //caesares// four prefectures (Italy, Gaul, Illyricum, East/Orient) Milan, Nicomedia Diocletian persecutions Constantinople dioceses and their vicars, provinces and their governors Constantius II (r. 337-61 AD) Julian (r. 361-63 AD) “the Apostate” Visigoths, Ostrogoths Huns Valentinian I (r. 364-75 AD) Valens (r. 364-78 AD) federates Adrianople (378 AD, battle) Theodosius I (r. 379-95 AD) Mani (c.216-74 AD) Manichaeism / Manicheism persecution of Christians by Decius (r. 249-51 AD),Valerian (r. 256-60 AD), and Diocletian Edict of Toleration (Galerius, 311 AD) Edict of Milan (Constantine and Licinius, 313 AD) Galerius (r. 305-11 AD) Licinius (r. 308-24 AD) Neoplatonism Plotinus (205-70 AD) Arianism Arius (c.280-336 AD) Athanasius (c.293-373 AD) Council of Nicaea (325 AD) – Nicene Creed Jerome (348-420 AD) Vulgate Bible Eusebius of Caesarea (c.260-340 AD) __Ecclesiastical History__ Augustine of Hippo (354-430 AD) __Confessions__, __The City of God__, __On the Trinity__, __On Christian Doctrine__ / __Education__ 6. LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000)

Eastern Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire Diocletian (r. 284-305) Nicomedia Constantine I the Great (r. 306-37) Byzantium / Constantinople (330) / Istanbul periodization of Byzantine history: 324 - 632 632 - 1071 / 1204 1071/1204 – 1453 Justinian I (r. 527-65) Theodora (c.500-48) Nika revolt (532) decurions //__Corpus iuris civilis__// (__Body of Civil Law__) __Code__ __Digest__ __Institutes__ //__Novellae__// / __Novels__ Hagia Sophia / Holy Wisdom Vandal and Ostrogothic kingdoms Lombards Avar, Bulgarian, and Slavic migrations / invasions Cyril and Methodius Moravians cyrillic alphabet Old Church Slavonic Heraclius (r. 610-41) Khosro II (r. 590-628) Leo III (r. 717-41) Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (r. 913-59) Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer (r. 976-1025) Manzikert (battle, 1071) Seljuk Turks Alexius I Comnenus (r. 1081-1118)

Islam (=submission) Mohammed (570-632) Mecca Gabriel //__Qur’an__// (compiled 650-51) Muslim (=one who has submitted) //Ka’ba// //Hegira// (=flight/emigration) pillars of Islam: confession of faith, prayer, fast, tax, pilgrimage polygamy, concubinage, divorce abstention from alcohol and pork //ulema// caliph (=follower) and caliphate first three caliphs: Abu Bakr (r. 632-34), Umar (r.634-44), Uthman (r. 644-55) //Shi’a// (abbreviation; = faction of Ali) Ali (r. 656-61 as fourth caliph) imam (=ruler) //Sunni// (from //sunna// = tradition) Damascus (caliphate capital, 661-744) Baghdad (caliphate capital after 762) Tours/Poitiers (battle, 732) Charles Martel (see below)

residence of western emperors in Rome, Milan (after 286) and Ravenna (after 402) //villa// //coloni// Visigoths and Ostrogoths Valens (r.364-78) //foederati// = federates Adrianople (battle, 378) breaching of Rhine frontier (406) Vandals Burgundians Salian and Ripuarian Franks Alaric (c.370-410) sack of Rome (410) Attila Huns 451 – Hunnic invasion of Gaul 452 – Hunnic invasion of northern Italy 455 – sack of Rome by Vandals 476 – Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustulus 493 – Theodoric (c.454-526) and the Ostrogoths defeat Odoacer Zeno (r. 474-91) Angles, Saxons, Jutes in eastern Britain Arian Christianity

monasticism Anthony (c.251-356) – eremitic monasticism Pachomius (c.286-346) – coenobitic monasticism Basil the Great (329-79) Martin of Tours (c.315-99) John Cassian (c.360-435) Jerome (c.340-420) Benedict of Nursia (c.480-547) Monte Cassino __Rule for Monasteries__ //opus dei// = work of God abbot Roman papacy //pontifex maximus// patriarchs of Constantinople and resident Eastern Roman / Byzantine emperors important 4th-6th-century popes: Damasus (p. 366-84), Leo I (p. 440-61), Gelasius (p. 492-96), Gregory I the Great (p. 590-604) plenitude of power other ancient patriarchates: Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem Judaism and Jews in the late empire Monophysitism //filioque// (=and from the Son) controversy iconoclasm and Emp. Leo III caesaropapism 1054 schism: papal legate Humbert of Silva Candida (c.1000/15-1061) and Patriarch Michael Cerularius (c.1000-1059)

Clovis (c.466-511) Merovingian dynasty Merovich Gaul counts royal partible inheritance mayor of the palace Neustria, Austrasia, Burgundy Carolingian mayors: Pepin I (c.580-639), Pepin II (c.635-714), Charles Martel (c.688 -741) benefice, fief Pepin III the Short (c.714-68) Boniface (680-754) Zacharias (p. 741-52) 751 – deposition of Childerich III and accession of Pepin III patrician of the Romans (//patricius Romanorum//) __Donation of Constantine__ (probably forged during 8th century) Charles the Great / Charlemagne (r. 768-814) Desiderius Lombards Saxons Avars Aachen __Libri Carolini__ Second Council of Nicaea (787) Leo III (p. 795-816) Christmas Day, 800 Harun-al-Rashid (c.763/66-809) //mallus// ordeal //missi dominici// dukes and margraves capitularies Carolingian intellectuals: Theodulf of Orleans (c.750/60-821) – “All Glory Laud and Honor,” __Lib..Carol__. Angilbert (c.760-814) Einhard (c.770-840) Alcuin of York (735-804) seven liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy Carolingian minuscule script Louis the Pious (r. 814-40) Lothar I (795-855) Pepin of Aquitaine (797-838) Louis the German (806-76) Judith Charles the Bald (823-77) Treaty of Verdun (843) Treaty of Meersen (870) Lothar II (r. 835-69) and Nicholas I (p. 858-67) Vikings / Northmen / Normans Magyars / Hungarians Saracens / Muslims Erik the Red (950-c.1003) – Greenland Leif Erikson (c.970-c.1020) – Newfoundland

feudal society fief feudal lord and vassal fealty and homage scutage (=shield money) royal investiture of bishops and abbots manor manorial landlord and peasants (freemen and serfs) demesne allodial property three-field system proprietary churches cult of saints liege lordship

7. THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE RISE OF EUROPEAN EMPIRES AND STATES (1000-1300)

expansion, consolidation, intellectual flowering transition from militarily defensive to militarily offensive stance

Western Empire / German kingdom and the investiture controversy German kingdom: Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia, Saxony, Lotharingia Ottonians Henry I the Fowler (r. 918-36) Otto I the Great (r. 936-73) Hungarians / Magyars Lechfeld (battle, 955) John XII (p. 955-64) renewal of empire / //renovatio imperii// – 962 Otto II (r. 973-83) Otto III (r. 983-1002) Cluny (founded 910) William I the Pious (d. of Aquitaine, 875-918) Cluniac network of daughter monasteries concubinage simony Peace of God Truce of God Henry III (r. 1039-56) Leo IX (p. 1049-54) 1059 papal electoral decree Gregory VII (p. 1073-85) Humbert lay investiture Henry IV (r. 1056-1106) //Dictatus Papae// (1075) Canossa (1077) Henry V (r. 1106-25) Concordat of Worms (1122) Calixtus II (p. 1119-24)

the Crusades Byzantine / Eastern Roman empire Seljuk Turks Alexius I Comnenus (r. 1081-1118) Urban II (p. 1088-99) Council of Clermont (1095) First Crusade (1096-99) crusader conquest of Jerusalem (1099) new Latin Christian states in the East: Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli Godfrey of Bouillon (r. 1099-1100) Baldwin I (r. 1100-18) Knights Templar Muslim reconquest of Edessa (1144) Second Crusade (1147-49) Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) Saladin (1138-93) Muslim reconquest of Jerusalem (1187) Third Crusade (1189-92) Frederick I Barbarossa (western emperor) Richard I the Lionhearted (k. of England) Philip II Augustus (k. of France) Fourth Crusade (1202-04) Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-61) Venice Michael VIII Palaeologus (r. 1259/61-82)

high medieval papacy and church Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) Peter’s Pence annates //pallium// tax Albigensians / Cathars / Manichaeans Simon de Montfort (c.1175-1218) Languedoc Gregory IX (p. 1227-41) inquisition procedure Fourth Lateran Council (1215) transubstantiation annual confession and communion mendicant friars: Franciscans and Dominicans Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) Dominic of Osma (1170-1221) //stigmata// Bonaventure (1221-74) absolute poverty Spiritual Franciscans beguines Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) tertiaries

England Edward the Confessor (r. 1042-66) William I the Conqueror (r. 1066-87) Norman dynasty Normandy Harold II Godwinsson (r. 1066) Hastings (battle 1066) Alfred the Great (k. of Wessex, 871-99) Canute (r.1016-35) Ethelred II the Ill-Counseled (r. 978-1016) Domesday Book (1086) Henry I (r. 1100-35) Henry II (r. 1154-89) Angevin / Plantagenet dynasty Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) troubadour Bernart de Ventadorn Chrétien de Troyes Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) Thomas Becket (c.1118-70) Richard I the Lionhearted (r. 1089-1199) John (1199-1216) Bouvines (battle, 1214) //Magna Carta// (The Great Charter)

France Hugh Capet (r. 987-96) Capetian dynasty Louis VI the Fat (r. 1108-37) Louis VII (r. 1137-80) Philip II Augustus (r. 1189-1226) Suger of St. Denis Gothic architectural style Louis VIII (r. 1223-26) Louis IX (St. Louis, r. 1226-70) Treaty of Paris (1259) //enqu// //ê// //teurs// //baillis// //prév//ô//ts// scholasticism Sixth Crusade (1248-54) Seventh Crusade (1270) Philip IV the Fair (r. 1285-1314)

Western Empire / German kingdom Hohenstaufen dynasty Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-90) Lombardy Henry the Lion (d. of Saxony, 1129-95) Adrian IV (p. 1154-59) Milan Alexander III (p. 1159-81) Otto IV (r. 1198-1215) Legnano (battle, 1176) Peace of Constance (1183) Henry VI (r. 1190-97) William II (k. of Sicily, r. 1166-89) Constance Frederick II (r. 1212-50) creation of college of electoral princes (1257)

architecture Romanesque and Gothic styles rounded arch pointed arch flying buttresses stained-glass windows

8. MEDIEVAL SOCIETY: HIERARCHIES, TOWNS, UNIVERSITIES, AND FAMILIES (1000-1300)

trends:
 * increases in agricultural productivity, population, inner colonization
 * warming climate
 * improvements in agricultural, hydraulic, and industrial technologies
 * return of long-range trade and monetary economy
 * renewed confrontation with classical culture
 * new educational content and educational institutions

traditional tripartite division of society
 * those who fight (//bellatores//)
 * those who pray (//oratores//)
 * those who work (//laboratores//)

joined now by those who buy and sell, who draw with them the artisans who will create the new middle classes

nobles / aristocrats
 * landowners who live off the labor of others
 * coercive authority of some sort
 * warrior class – esp. as mounted warriors
 * knighthood
 * distinctive social customs: courtly love / behavior / manners
 * distinctive sports/pastimes: hunt and tournament/joust
 * 14th-century adverse affect of agricultural/climatic downturn on position of nobility, exacerbated by the demographic catastrophe of endemic plague

clergy and religious
 * regular – cloistered monks and nuns; rule of life beyond traditional religious vows
 * secular – pastorally active in the world of lay society
 * archbishops and bishops
 * urban clergy
 * rural clergy
 * new orders of regular clergy and religious in the 11th and 12th centuries; rule of life; some also pastorally active
 * Carthusian monks
 * Cistercian monks
 * Augustinian Canons Regular
 * Premonstratensian canons

beguines tithes clerical privileges and immunities

manor serfs banalities heriot merchet collar harness demesne

urban charter large cities north of the Alps – Paris, London, Cologne; often chartered larger cities south of the Alps were often quasi-independent and thus not chartered urban freedom of persons: “town air brings freedom” initial anomalous social position of merchants merchant guild craft/artisan guilds urban patriciate bills of exchange sumptuary laws monopolistic guild practices possible urban evolution
 * control by kings/princes
 * creation of city-states

Jews – separate identity, highly developed culture, sometime exceptional economic power, increasing marginalization and even expulsion

universities monastic and cathedral schools //universitas// = corporation or guild of students or of masters/teaching faculty student-run university model first at Bologna master-run university model first at Paris university subjects: seven liberal arts; higher faculties of canon law, Roman law, medicine, and theology college/house system – earliest at Paris (Sorbonne, c.1257) renaissance of the twelfth century rediscovery of the works of Aristotle scholasticism – culture of learning based on dialectic, grammar, and rhetoric

Peter Abelard (1079-1142) //stereotypes of women as physically, morally, and mentally weaker than males; subject// //and obedient to males who protect and discipline them// //Eve vs. Mary// spiritual equality of men and women enunciated by Peter Lombard dowry and dower convent life or monogamous marriage as career alternatives women working in agriculture/animal husbandry and in some urban trades
 * dialectic analysis of texts, but without harmonization
 * subjectivity of intentionality
 * arrogance; disrespect for seniority
 * //Héloïse//; adultery, secret marriage, castration, entry into monastic life
 * conciliar condemnations for his theological treatise (Soissons, 1121) and for a list of theological teachings (Sens, 1140)
 * authenticity of his correspondence with //Héloïse?//

were children considered little adults? did parents – in a time of high infant/child mortality – make little emotional investment in their children? was childhood considered a special time of life requiring its own care and treatment? did parents make substantial emotional investment in the children? canonical age for marriage predicated on physical sexual maturity: girls at 12, boys at 14 church prohibitions of infanticide theoretical stages of childhood:
 * birth to 2 years; infancy – suckling, speechlessness
 * 2-7 years’ old; higher infancy
 * 7 years to adulthood; childhood properly designated; age of reason, schooling, chores, vocational training

9. THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BREAKDOWN (1300-1453)

Black Death pandemic (1346-53) Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) Great Schism (1378-1417) fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks (1453)

1315-17 crop failures and famine average lifespan 35 years

Black Death Plague – bacillus //Yersinia pestis// spread by fleas and the rat hosts good description in //Decameron// by Giovanni Boccaccio oscillations in behavior between moderation/temperance and promiscuous debauchery flagellants pogroms against Jews perhaps anthrax, typhus, smallpox, and dysentery also involved mortality exceed 25%, sometimes approaching 50% high mortality among clergy

Fluctuations and social unrest prices for agricultural products plummet; prices for luxury products and manufactured products soar; wages for agricultural workers rise English Statute of Laborers (1351) set low wages and inhibited peasant movement English Peasant Revolt (1381) partly in response to poll tax French Jacquerie (1358) partly in response to increased //taille// (major direct tax) rise in manufactured goods’ prices help cities rebound in economic health artisanal / craft guilds grow more powerful and desire more clout in urban governments changes in war-making: advances in military technology; increased value of mercenary troops and infantry; diminished value of traditional feudal heavy cavalry

Hundred Years’ War Edward III (r.1327-77) – grandson of Philip IV the Fair (r. 1285-1314) Charles IV (r. 1322-28), son of Philip IV, uncle of Edward III Philip VI of Valois (r. 1328-50), first cousin of Charles IV causes of war: English dynastic claim, feudal tensions in Gascony and Flanders, maritime antagonisms Estates General longbow Flemish revolt – Jacob van Artevelde Sluys (battle, 1340) Crécy (battle, 1346) Calais conquered by English, 1347 Poitiers (battle, 1356) //Jacquerie// (1358) from “Jacques Bonhomme” Treaty of Brétigny-Calais (1360) Richard II (r. 1377-99) English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) – John Ball, Wat Tyler Henry V (r. 1413-22) Treaty of Troyes (1420) Agincourt (battle, 1415) Valois dukes of Burgundy Charles VI (r. 1380-1422) Henry VI (r. 1422-61, 1470-71) Charles VII (r. 1422/29-61) Joan of Arc (1412-31) relief of Orléans (1429)

Late Medieval Church Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) plenitude of power (//plenitudo potestatis//) Council of Lyons (1274) and short-lived reunion of Latin and Greek churches //Rota Romana// established by Urban IV (p. 1261-64) papal reservation of benefices Waldensians growth of importance of English parliament during the reigns of Henry III (r. 1216-62) and Edward I (r. 1272-1307) Boniface VIII (p. 1294-1303) //Clericis laicos// (1296) Colonnas vs. Gaetanis Bernard Saisset (c.1232-c.1314) //Ausculta fili// (1301) Pierre Dubois (c.1255-c.1321) John of Paris (c.1255-1306) //Unam sanctam// (1302) Guillaume de Nogaret (1260-1313) outrage at Anagni (1303) Clement V (p.1305-14) suppression of the Templars (1312) Avignon papacy (1309-77) – “Babylonian Captivity” annates indulgences John XXII (p. 1316-34) Visconti of Milan Louis IV (r. 1314-47) William of Ockham (c.1287-1347) Marsilius of Padua (c.1290-1342) __Defender of the Peace__ (1324) Benedict XII (p. 1334-42) – Papal Palace at Avignon Clement VI (p. 1342-52) Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) Lollards John Wycliffe (c.1320-84) John Huss (1369-1415) Hussites University of Prague and Czech nationalism Sigismund (r. 1410-37) Council of Constance (1414-18) Jerome of Prague (1379-1416) John Ziska (c.1380-1424) Gregory XI (p. 1370-78) Urban VI (p. 1378-89) Clement VII (p. 1378-97) Great Schism (1378-1417) Council of Pisa (1409) conciliar theory Alexander V (p. 1409-10) John XXIII (p. 1410-15) __Sacrosancta__ / __Haec sancta__ (1415) Martin V (p. 1417-31) Council of Basel (1431-49) __Four Articles of Prague__ (1432) Eugene IV (p. 1431-47) transferred Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438-45) Pius II (p. 1458-64) //Execrabilis// (1460)

Russia Vladimir I, grand prince of Kiev (r. 980-1015) Yaroslav I the Wise, grand prince of Kiev (r. 1019-54) //boyar// Mongol / Tatar dominance (1243-1480) Golden Horde Dimitri Donskoy, grand duke of Moscow (r. 1350-89) Kulikov Meadow (battle, 1380) Ivan III the Great (r. 1462-1505)

10. RENAISSANCE AND DISCOVERY
 * 15th century repair of demographic disaster
 * 15th century recovery from incompetent and weak governments
 * growing national consciousness
 * economic prosperity, esp. in Italy
 * growth of vernacular languages in cultural and bureaucratic/legal use
 * geographic expansion to the Americas, coastal Africa, and south/southeast Asia
 * mercantilism

Jacob Burckhardt – //The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy// (1860) important Italian states of late medieval/renaissance periods: Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, Naples

despotisms Venice: patrician Senate, Council of Ten Florence: Ciompi Revolt (1378) Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464) executive council (//signoria//) of 8 priors & standard-bearer (//gonfaloniere//) of justice

Pazzi Conspiracy (1478)

//condottieri// //podestá// humanism, humanities (//studia humanitatis//) Leonardo Bruni (c.1370-1444) Manuel Chrysoloras (c.1355-1415)

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): //Divine Comedy//, //Vita Nuova//; a liminal, proto-renaissance figure

Francis Petrarch (1304-74): //Canzoniere//, //Africa//, //Lives of Illustrious Men// Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-75): //Decameron//

Pietro Paolo Vergerio (1370-1444/45) – educational treatise //On the Morals That Befit a// //Free Man and On Liberal Studies// Vittorino da Feltre – educator; school House of Joy in Mantua Baldassare Castigione (1478-1529) – //The Book of the Courtier// (1528) Christine de Pisan (c.1363-1434) – //The Treasure of the City of Ladies// (1405) FlorentineAcademy and Platonic studies Marsilio Ficino (1433-99) Pico della Mirandola (//Oration on the Dignity of Man//, 1486) Lorenzo Valla (1406-57); //The Donation of Constantine// as a forgery

Florentine civic humanism of three chancellors: Coluccio Salutati (1331-1406) Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444) Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459)

Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540) and Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) – humanist historians and political scientists

linear perspective //chiaroscuro// (clear-obscure) Giotto (1266-1336) – painter Masaccio (1401-28) – painter Donatello (1386-1466) – sculptor Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) – painter and sculptor; //Mona Lisa// Raphael (1483-1520) – painter and architect; //School of Athens//, madonnas Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) – painter, sculptor, and architect; //David//, Sistine Chapel frescoes

mannerism: Tintoretto (1518-94) and El Greco (1541-1614) Giorgio Vasari (1512-74) – //Lives of the Artists//

Peace/Treaty of Lodi (1454-55) – four decades of political equilibrium among the five Italian big powers (Venice, Florence, Milan, Papal States, Naples)

French intervention (1494) at invitation of Milanese Ludovico (“il Moro”) Sforza (1452- 1508)

Charles VIII (r.1483-98) – dynastic claims on Naples and Milan Girolamo Savonarola (1452-98) Holy League/League of Venice (1495) against the French Alexander VI (Borgia, p. 1492-1503) Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479-1516) Maximilian I (r. 1493-1519) Louis XII (r. 1498-1515) Julius II (p. 1503-13) renewals of Holy League/League of Cambrai (1508, 1511) against the French Francis I (r. 1515-47) Concordat of Bologna (1516) – compromise agreement between papacy and France regarding French church

Machiavelli – //The Prince//, //The Discourses//, //virtù// Medici popes Leo X (p. 1513-21) and Clement VII (p. 1523-34) Jean Bodin (1530-96)

Louis XI (r. 1461-83) Charles the Bold (r. 1467-77)

Isabella of Castile (r. 1474-1504) and Ferdinand II of Aragon conquest of Granada //Mesta// //Hermandad// Spanish Inquisition (from 1479); //conversos// and //moriscos// Tomás de Torquemada (1420-98) expulsions of Jews and Moors from Spanish kingdoms Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros (1437-1517) Charles I / V Catherine of Aragon

Richard II (r. 1377-99) Henry VI (r. 1422-61, 1470-71) War of the Roses: Lancastrians (r.) vs. Yorkists (w.) Edward IV (r. 1461-83) Richard III (r. 1483-85) Bosworth Field (1485) Henry Tudor = Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) and Elizabeth of York Court of Star Chamber (est. 1487)

Charles IV (r. 1346-78) college of electoral princes (archbishops of Mainz, Trier, Cologne; Saxon duke, Brandenburg margrave, Palatine count, Bohemian king) imperial diet (//Reichstag//) supreme court of justice (//Reichskammergericht//) council of regency (//Reichshofrat//) Johann Gutenberg (c.1398-1468) of Mainz first printed Bible (1454)

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536): //Colloquies//, //Adages//, Greek New Testament, Latin New Testament, //Education of a Christian Prince//, //The Praise of Folly// Rudolf Agricola (1443-85) Conrad Celtis (1459-1508) Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523) Reuchlin affair; Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522); //Letters of Obscure Men// (1515-19) William Grocyn (1446-1519) Thomas Linacre (c.1460-1524) John Colet (1467-1519) Thomas More (1478-1535); //Utopia// Guillaume Budé (1468-1540) Jacques Lefévre d’Etaples (1454-1536) Guillaume Bri//ç//onnet (1470-1533) Marguerite d’Angoulême (1492-1549); //Heptameron// Cisneros and the Complutensian Polyglot Bible

Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Bartholomew Dias (c.1450-1500) Vasco da Gama (1469-1525) Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512) Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) Columbian exchange Mesoamerica Aztecs/Mexica Tenochtitlan Hernan Cortés (1485-1547) Moctezuma II (1466-1520) New Spain Peru Incas Francisco Pizarro (c.1478-1541) Atahualpa (c.1500-33) Cuzco Bartholomé de las Casas (1474-1566) //conquistadores// //quinto// //hacienda// //peninsulares// and //creoles// //encomienda// //repartimiento// debt peonage and African slavery